Feature selection and risk prediction for diabetic patients with ketoacidosis based on MIMIC-IV.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a frequent acute complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It develops quickly, produces severe symptoms, and greatly affects the lives and health of individuals with DM.This article utilizes machine learning methods to examine the baseline characteristics that significantly contribute to the development of DKA. Its goal is to identify and prevent DKA in a targeted and early manner. Methods: This study selected 2382 eligible diabetic patients from the MIMIC-IV dataset, including 1193 DM patients with ketoacidosis and 1186 DM patients without ketoacidosis. A total of 42 baseline characteristics were included in this research. The research process was as follows: Firstly, important features were selected through Pearson correlation analysis and random forest to identify the relevant physiological indicators associated with DKA. Next, logistic regression was used to individually predict DKA based on the 42 baseline characteristics, analyzing the impact of different physiological indicators on the experimental results. Finally, the prediction of ketoacidosis was performed by combining feature selection with machine learning models include logistic regression, XGBoost, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and k-nearest neighbors classifier. Results: Based on the importance analysis conducted using different feature selection methods, the top five features in terms of importance were identified as mean hematocrit (haematocrit_mean), mean hemoglobin (haemoglobin_mean), mean anion gap (aniongap_mean), age, and Charlson comorbidity index (charlson_comorbidity_index). These features were found to have significant relevance in predicting DKA. In the individual prediction using logistic regression, these five features have been proven to be effective, with F1 scores of 1.000 for hematocrit mean, 0.978 for haemoglobin_mean, 0.747 for age, 0.692 for aniongap_mean and 0.666 for charlson_comorbidity_index. These F1 scores indicate the effectiveness of each feature in predicting DKA, with the highest score achieved by mean hematocrit. In the prediction of DKA using machine learning models, including logistic regression, XGBoost, decision tree, and random forest demonstrated excellent results, achieving an F1 score of 1.000. Additionally, by applying feature selection techniques, noticeable improvements were observed in the experimental performance of the support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors classifier. Conclusion: The study found that hematocrit, hemoglobin, anion gap, age, and Charlson comorbidity index are closely associated with ketoacidosis. In clinical practice, these five baseline characteristics should be given with the special attention to achieve early detection and treatment, thus reducing the incidence of the disease.

Inaccurate diagnosis of diabetes type in youth: prevalence, characteristics, and implications.

Classifying diabetes at diagnosis is crucial for disease management but increasingly difficult due to overlaps in characteristics between the commonly encountered diabetes types. We evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of youth with diabetes type that was unknown at diagnosis or was revised over time. We studied 2073 youth with new-onset diabetes (median age [IQR] = 11.4 [6.2] years; 50% male; 75% White, 21% Black, 4% other race; overall, 37% Hispanic) and compared youth with unknown versus known diabetes type, per pediatric endocrinologist diagnosis. In a longitudinal subcohort of patients with data for ≥ 3 years post-diabetes diagnosis (n = 1019), we compared youth with steady versus reclassified diabetes type. In the entire cohort, after adjustment for confounders, diabetes type was unknown in 62 youth (3%), associated with older age, negative IA-2 autoantibody, lower C-peptide, and no diabetic ketoacidosis (all, p < 0.05). In the longitudinal subcohort, diabetes type was reclassified in 35 youth (3.4%); this was not statistically associated with any single characteristic. In sum, among racially/ethnically diverse youth with diabetes, 6.4% had inaccurate diabetes classification at diagnosis. Further research is warranted to improve accurate diagnosis of pediatric diabetes type.

Persistent chronic calcific pancreatitis with intraductal calculi associated with secondary diabetes mellitus type 3 and diabetic ketoacidosis - A case report.

Diabetes mellitus type 3 refers to diabetes secondary to an existing disease or condition of the exocrine pancreas and is an uncommon cause of diabetes occurring due to pancreatogenic pathology. It accounts for 15-20% of diabetic patients in Indian and Southeast Asian continents. This is case report of a rare case of type 3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM) presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The patient was admitted for DKA along with complaint of hyperglycemia, blood glucose of 405 mg/dl with HbA1c level of 13.7%. Computed tomography evidence revealed chronic calcific pancreatitis with intraductal calculi and dilated pancreatic duct.

Does Treatment with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Affect Adherence to International Society Criteria for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes? A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting. Inpatients at two teaching hospitals in Queensland, Australia. Primary Outcome Measure(s). The number of patients meeting the Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) and American Association of Clinical Endocrinology/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) diagnostic criteria for DKA. Patients were divided into two groups by treatment with SGLT2i at the time of diagnosis. Participants. Adult patients (>18 years old) with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with DKA from April 2015 to January 2022. Patients without type 2 diabetes were excluded. Results: One hundred and sixty-five patients were included in this study-comprising 94 patients in the SGLT2i cohort and 70 in the non-SGLT2i cohort. A significantly smaller proportion of patients in the SGLT2i vs. non-SGLT2i cohorts met both JBDS (56% vs. 72%, p = 0.035) and AACE/ACE (63% vs. 82%, p = 0.009) criteria for diagnosis of DKA. Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2i may be more likely to be diagnosed with DKA despite not meeting the criteria. Despite recent adjustments to account the physiological effects of SGLT2i, significant variation in criteria between major society guidelines presents ongoing challenges to clinicians. The proportion of patients diagnosed using both JDBS and AACE/ACE were comparable, suggesting a reasonable degree of agreement.

Prevalence and prognosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus in The Middle East: a comparative analysis in a 5-year nationwide cohort.

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence and progression of fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) in Qatar. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed consecutive index- diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions (2015-2020) among patients with new-onset T1D (NT1D) in Qatar. RESULTS: Of the 242 patients, 2.5% fulfilled the FT1D diagnostic criteria. FT1D patients were younger (median-age 4-years vs.15-years in classic-T1D). Gender distribution in FT1D was equal, whereas the classic-T1D group showed a female predominance at 57.6% (n = 136). FT1D patients had a mean C-peptide of 0.11 ± 0.09 ng/ml, compared to 0.53 ± 0.45 ng/ml in classic-T1D. FT1D patients had a median length of stay (LOS) of 1 day (1-2.2) and a DKA duration of 11.25 h (11-15). The median (length of stay) LOS and DKA duration in classic-T1D patients were 2.5 days (1-3.9) and 15.4 h (11-23), respectively. The FT1D subset primarily consisted of moderate (83.3%) and severe 916.7%) DKA, whereas classic T1D had 25.4% mild, 60.6% moderate, and 14% severe DKA cases. FT1D was associated with a higher median white cell count (22.3 × 103/uL) at admission compared to classic T1D (10.6 × 103/uL). ICU admission was needed for 66.6% of FT1D patients, compared to 38.1% of classic-T1D patients. None of the patients in the FT1D group had mortality, while two died in the classic-T1D group. CONCLUSION: This is the first study establishing the existence of FT1D in ME, which presented distinctively from classic-T1D, exhibiting earlier age onset and higher critical care requirements. However, the clinical outcomes in patients with FT1D seem similar to classic T1D.

[Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and risk of ketoacidosis]. / SGLT2-hämmare och ketoacidos.

SGLT2i can induce euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) in conditions with relative insulin deficiency, such as infections, surgery, or fasting state. In comparison with classical DKA, eDKA typically presents with lower blood glucose levels and more diffuse symptoms like tiredness, tachypnea, nausea and abdominal pain. The diagnosis is commonly delayed, and signs are often attributed to other factors. Early diagnosis and prevention are critical due to the risk of lethal outcome or prolonged hospital stay. Generous screening for ketonemia in risk situations allows identification of eDKA. To minimize the risk, we propose that SGLT2i should be discontinued 3-4 days before surgery (1-2 weeks prior to bariatric surgery) and during infections, acute disease, or poor oral intake. Postoperative slow infusion of low-dose insulin may prevent eDKA if SGLT2i could not be stopped in time or in prolonged fasting state. In this overview, the pathogenesis behind eDKA is discussed.

Revised one-bag IV fluid protocol for pediatric DKA: a feasible approach and retrospective comparative study.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the effectiveness of the traditional and revised one-bag protocols for pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) management. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included children diagnosed with DKA upon admission between 2012 and 2019. Our institution reevaluated and streamlined the traditional one-bag protocol (revised one-bag protocol). The revised one-bag protocol rehydrated all pediatric DKA patients with dextrose (5 g/100 ml) containing 0.45% NaCl at a rate of 3500 ml/m2 per 24 h after the first 1 h bolus of normal saline, regardless of age or degree of dehydration. This study examined acidosis recovery times and the frequency of healthcare provider interventions to maintain stable blood glucose levels. RESULTS: The revised one-bag protocol demonstrated a significantly shorter time to acidosis recovery than the traditional protocol (12.67 and 18.20 h, respectively; p < 0.001). The revised protocol group required fewer interventions for blood glucose control, with an average of 0.25 dextrose concentration change orders per patient, compared to 1.42 in the traditional protocol group (p < 0.001). Insulin rate adjustments were fewer in the revised protocol group, averaging 0.52 changes per patient, vs. 2.32 changes in the traditional protocol group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The revised one-bag protocol for pediatric DKA is both practical and effective. This modified DKA management achieved acidosis recovery more quickly and reduced blood glucose fluctuations compared with the traditional one-bag protocol. Future studies, including randomized controlled trials, should assess the safety and effectiveness of the revised protocol in a broad range of pediatric patients with DKA.

Clinical nomogram prediction model to assess the risk of prolonged ICU length of stay in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective analysis based on the MIMIC-IV database.

BACKGROUND: The duration of hospitalization, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is influenced by patient prognosis and treatment costs. Reducing ICU length of stay (LOS) in patients with DKA is crucial for optimising healthcare resources utilization. This study aimed to establish a nomogram prediction model to identify the risk factors influencing prolonged LOS in ICU-managed patients with DKA, which will serve as a basis for clinical treatment, healthcare safety, and quality management research. METHODS: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, we performed a retrospective analysis using relevant data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. Clinical data from 669 patients with DKA requiring ICU treatment were included. Variables were selected using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) binary logistic regression model. Subsequently, the selected variables were subjected to a multifactorial logistic regression analysis to determine independent risk factors for prolonged ICU LOS in patients with DKA. A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the identified predictors. The multivariate variables included in this nomogram prediction model were the Oxford acute severity of illness score (OASIS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), acute kidney injury (AKI) stage, vasoactive agents, and myocardial infarction. RESULTS: The prediction model had a high predictive efficacy, with an area under the curve value of 0.870 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.831-0.908) in the training cohort and 0.858 (95% CI, 0.799-0.916) in the validation cohort. A highly accurate predictive model was depicted in both cohorts using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test and calibration plots. CONCLUSION: The nomogram prediction model proposed in this study has a high clinical application value for predicting prolonged ICU LOS in patients with DKA. This model can help clinicians identify patients with DKA at risk of prolonged ICU LOS, thereby enhancing prompt intervention and improving prognosis.

Managing Diabetes Mellitus in the Emergency Department.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic medical condition that continues to increase in prevalence. Complications of DM, including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, often present in the emergency department requiring emergent management. Prompt assessment, diagnosis, evaluation of laboratory values, treatment, monitoring, and strict follow-up education are essential to the successful management of this complex disease. Common medications and management strategies are key elements to control DM. This article presents an overview of DM, including its prevalence, pathophysiology, presentations, and management.

[Normoglycaemic ketoacidosis induced by the use of sglt2 inhibitors : impact of intense physiological stress and fasting]. / Acidocétose normoglycémique induite par la prise de gliflozines en cas de stress physiologique intense et de jeûne.

Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that only occurs in cases of absolute or severe relative insulin deficiency. This condition is rare in type 2 diabetes. The use of gliflozin during intense physiological stress associated with fasting can lead to the development of ketoacidosis without severe hyperglycaemia. The diagnosis of this normoglycaemic or euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in the context of type 2 diabetes may be challenging. The treatment of metabolic acidosis cannot rely solely on symptomatic measures such as bicarbonate infusion. The demonstration of metabolic acidosis necessitates the search for an etiological diagnosis. The calculation of the anion gap is the cornerstone of the pathophysiological diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. In the context of diabetes, the occurrence of metabolic acidosis of unknown etiology requires its calculation and systematic measurement of ketones, even in the absence of severe hyperglycaemia. Only the etiological treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, which is insulin therapy, allows for the lasting restoration of acid-base balance. Normoglycaemic ketoacidosis induced by the use of gliflozin during intense physiological stress associated with fasting should therefore be a recognized situation by healthcare providers.

L'acidocétose est une complication grave du diabète qui ne survient qu'en cas de déficit en insuline, absolu ou relatif sévère. Cette condition est rare dans le diabète de type 2. La prise de gliflozines en cas de stress physiologique intense, notamment associé à un jeûne, peut induire la survenue d'une acidocétose sans hyperglycémie sévère. Cette acidocétose diabétique dite normoglycémique ou euglycémique dans le cadre d'un diabète de type 2 est source d'errance diagnostique. Le traitement d'une acidose métabolique ne peut pas se satisfaire de l'instauration de mesures symptomatiques comme la perfusion de bicarbonates. La démonstration d'une acidose métabolique impose la recherche d'un diagnostic étiologique. Le calcul du trou anionique est la pierre angulaire du diagnostic physiopathologique d'une acidose métabolique. Dans le cadre du diabète, la survenue d'une acidose métabolique d'étiologie inconnue impose son calcul et le dosage systématique de la cétonémie, même en l'absence d'hyperglycémie sévère, a fortiori en cas de traitement par gliflozine. Seul le traitement étiologique d'une acidocétose diabétique, l'insulinothérapie, permet la restitution durable de l'équilibre acido-basique. L'acidocétose normoglycémique induite par la prise de gliflozines en cas de stress physiologique intense associé à un jeûne doit donc être une situation connue.

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis following traumatic brain injury.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors lower glucose levels by reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, which can lead to ketogenesis. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of SGLT2 inhibitors that can be triggered by trauma. However, the absence of significant hyperglycemia can delay its diagnosis and treatment, which may lead to detrimental consequences. Herein, we report a case of euglycemic DKA following traumatic brain injury in a patient with type 2 diabetes who was taking an SGLT2 inhibitor. Delayed recognition of euglycemic DKA in this case led to progressive metabolic deterioration. This report emphasizes the importance of promptly suspecting, diagnosing, and treating euglycemic DKA in patients with traumatic injuries who exhibit high anion-gap metabolic acidosis, ketonuria, and glucosuria-even if they do not have significant hyperglycemia.

A new onset drug induced diabetes mellitus presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis in a child undergoing treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A case report and review of literature.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperglycemia is a known side effect of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs. This entity known as drug-induced diabetes mellitus usually does not present with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We hereby report a case of drug induced diabetes mellitus in a child with acute leukemia presenting with DKA. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a teenage boy diagnosed with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and was started on induction phase chemotherapy as per the Indian Collaborative Childhood Leukemia group (ICICLe) acute lymphoblastic leukemia-14 protocol. On day 12 of the induction phase, he developed hyperglycemia and presented to us with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Serum anti glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody levels were negative with low serum C peptide levels. Initially, the possibility of drug-induced acute pancreatitis was kept which was ruled out. Keeping the possibility of drug-induced hyperglycemia, the child was started on subcutaneous regular insulin which was titrated as per sugar records. Continuation of remaining chemotherapy was done by PEGylated L-asparaginase with titration of insulin as per home-based sugar records. Insulin requirement increased from 0.3 unit/kg/day to a maximum of 1 unit/kg/day during consolidation phase 1 with PEGylated L-asparaginase suggesting drug-induced hyperglycemia but subsequently insulin requirement decreased and insulin was stopped. CONCLUSIONS: Drug induced diabetes mellitus can present as DKA during induction phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) chemotherapy. A high index of suspicion and close monitoring are required. The insulin requirements in these patients can be very fluctuant and may become nil during the course of treatment.

Characterization of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents from 2017 to 2022 in China: a single-center analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the characteristics of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) related to autoimmunity and the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents from 2017-2022 in China. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Single-center regional data from the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, were used to compare 88 children and adolescents newly diagnosed with T1DM from 2020 to 2022 (i.e. during the COVID-19 pandemic in China) and 76 children and adolescents diagnosed with T1DM from 2017 to 2019. Auto-antibodies, including glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and insulin auto-antibodies, were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassays. DKA was defined as a pH < 7.3 and/or a bicarbonate level < 15 mmol/L. RESULTS: The median age of the 164 children and adolescents newly diagnosed with T1DM from 2017 to 2022 was 7.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3.8-10.0 years; 51.83% male). The mean annual incidence of T1DM was 2.98 per 1,000,000 child years. The estimated frequency of auto-antibody positivity was 51.22% (n = 84), and there was no difference between the 2020-2022 group and 2017-2019 group (55.68% [n = 49] vs. 46.5% [n = 35]; p = 0.219). The frequency of DKA among the entire cohort was 57.93% (n = 95), and peaked in 2020 at 78.9% (15/19 patients). The frequency of DKA was not significantly higher in the 2020-2022 group compared with the 2017-2019 group (60.23% [n = 53] vs. 55.26% [n = 42]; p = 0.521). We found no significant difference in the frequency of DKA between patients who were negative vs. positive for auto-antibodies in the 2020-2022 group (64.10% [n = 25] vs. 57.14% [n = 28], p > 0.05). The C-peptide level and HbA1c (%) were positively correlated with onset age (R1 = 0.389, p < 0.01; R2 = 0.371, p < 0.01), and the estimated mean C-peptide level was 0.26 ng/ml (IQR: 0.2-0.4 ng/ml) in patients with DKA and 0.370 ng/ml (IQR: 0.2-0.6 ng/ml) in patients without DKA (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the annual incidence of T1DM was 2.98 per 1,000,000 child years, gradually increased over the study period, and there was no significant increase in T1DM with auto-antibody positivity in children and adolescents newly diagnosed from 2020-2022 in China compared with the previous 3 years. Furthermore, the frequency of DKA was peaked in 2020, and were not significantly different between patients who were negative vs. positive for auto-antibodies.

Pathology of Ketoacidosis in Emergency of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Alcoholic Ketoacidosis: A Retrospective Study.

This study is aimed at examining which factors are useful for the diagnosis and distinction of ketoacidosis. We recruited 21 diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) patients hospitalized in Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center from April 2015 to March 2021. Almost all patients in this study were brought to the emergency room in a coma and hospitalized. All patients underwent blood gas aspiration and laboratory tests. We evaluated the difference in diagnosis markers in emergencies between DKA and alcoholic ketoacidosis AKA. Compared to AKA patients, DKA patients had statistically higher values of serum acetoacetic acid and lower values of serum lactate, arterial blood pH, and base excess. In contrast, total ketone bodies, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, and ß-hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid ratio in serum did not differ between the two patient groups. It was shown that evaluation of each pathology such as low body weight, diabetes, liver dysfunction, and dehydration was important. It is important to perform differential diagnosis for taking medical histories such as insulin deficiency, alcohol abuse, or starvation as the etiology in Japanese subjects with DKA or AKA. Moreover, it is important to precisely comprehend the pathology of dehydration and alcoholic metabolism which would lead to appropriate treatment for DKA and AKA.

Challenges in achieving adequate glycemic control among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a resource-limited setting: A cross-sectional study from Sudan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess glycemic control and associated factors in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending the pediatric diabetes clinic in Wad-Madani City, Sudan. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a referral center in Sudan. The study population consisted of children aged 1-18 years who had been diagnosed with T1DM for more than 1 year and were under regular follow-up in the clinic. Data on their glycemic control and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were captured. RESULTS: Out of 211 enrolled patients, 120 (56.9 %) were females. The mean age was 11.7 years (SD = 4.0), with the mean age at diagnosis of 6.7 years (SD = 4.0). Only 6.2 % achieved adequate glycemic control. Adolescents had particularly poor control (97.8 %). The mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c) level was 10.4 % (90 mmol/mol). Inferior glycemic control was associated with advancing age, older age at diagnosis, belonging to single-parent households, less frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and having a greater number of siblings or household members. A third of patients (33.8 %) had had one or more diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) episodes in the previous year. There was a high prevalence of lipodystrophy (34.1 %) and arthropathy (25.1 %). CONCLUSIONS: An exceptionally low proportion of children with T1DM achieved adequate glycemic control, with adolescents particularly struggling. SMBG frequency and family dynamics emerged as potential factors, highlighting the urgent need for tailored interventions and improved diabetes education in resource-limited settings.

Ketonuria in an adult with Prader-Willi syndrome and diabetes mellitus: A case report.

RATIONALE: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder affecting multiple systems. Approximately one-quarter of PWS patients will develop diabetes. Given the uncontrolled hyperphagia and resultant severe obesity in these patients, their glycemic management poses a significant challenge. CASE REPORT: We present the clinical profile of a male patient diagnosed with both PWS and diabetes. Previous administration of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor Canagliflozin resulted in improved glycemic control and weight management. But at the age of 25, the patient was hospitalized due to worsened glycemic control and the detection of ketonuria. After thorough examination and clinical observation, we discovered that the patient ketonuria was associated with enhanced lipid metabolism related to Canagliflozin. After excluding the risk of SGLT-2 inhibitor-induced euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, adjustments of the hypoglycemic regimen, building upon prior treatment, were recommended for the patient. CONCLUSION: It is important to note that among patients with both PWS and diabetes, the utilization of SGLT-2 inhibitors can lead to the emergence of ketonuria due to increased lipolysis. Therefore, any decision to discontinue SGLT-2 inhibitors should undergo thorough evaluation.

Eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis in children: a review.

The last decade has been characterized by exciting findings on eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis. This review emphasizes the following five key points: 1. Since the traditional nitroprusside-glycine dipstick test for urinary ketones is often falsely negative, the blood determination of ß-hydroxybutyrate, the predominant ketone body, is currently advised for a comprehensive assessment of ketone body status; 2. Fasting and infections predispose to relevant ketosis and ketoacidosis especially in newborns, infants, children 7 years or less of age, and pregnant, parturient, or lactating women; 3. Several forms of carbohydrate restriction (typically less than 20% of the daily caloric intake) are employed to induce ketosis. These ketogenic diets have achieved great interest as antiepileptic treatment, in the management of excessive body weight, diabetes mellitus, and in sport training; 4. Intermittent fasting is more and more popular because it might benefit against cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurologic disorders, and aging; 5. Gliflozins, a new group of oral antidiabetics inhibiting the renal sodium-glucose transporter 2, are an emerging cause of eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis. In conclusion, the role of ketone bodies is increasingly recognized in several clinical conditions. In the context of acid-base balance evaluation, it is advisable to routinely integrate both the assessment of lactic acid and ß-hydroxybutyrate.

Incidence and Characteristics of the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: A Danish Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a rare and life-threatening complication of diabetes. We aimed to estimate the incidence of HHS and describe the clinical and biomarker profiles of patients with HHS, including subgroups with acidosis and acute kidney injury. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This nationwide, descriptive cohort study used Danish registry data during years 2016-2018 to identify acutely admitted patients fulfilling the hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity criteria of HHS (glucose ≥33 mmol/L and osmolarity [2 × sodium + glucose] ≥320 mmol/L). RESULTS: We identified 634 patients (median age, 69 years (first quartile; third quartile: 58; 79) who met the criteria of HHS among 4.80 million inhabitants aged ≥18 years. The incidence rates were 16.5 and 3.9 per 10,000 person-years among people with known type 1 (n = 24,196) and type 2 (n = 251,357) diabetes, respectively. Thirty-two percent of patients with HHS were not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Patients were categorized as pure HHS (n = 394) and combined HHS and diabetic ketoacidosis (HHS-DKA; n = 240). The in-hospital mortality rate for pure HHS was 17% and 9% for HHS-DKA. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of HHS was higher among patients with type 1 diabetes compared with type 2 diabetes. HHS is a spectrum of hyperglycemic crises and can be divided in pure HHS and HHS-DKA. In one-third of patients, HHS was the debut of their diabetes diagnosis.

Association of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Childhood New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes With Day of Presentation in Germany.

OBJECTIVE: Whether the day of the week on which the child presents affects timely diagnosis and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not known. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used data of 30,717 children with new-onset T1D during the last 10 years from the German Prospective Diabetes Registry. We determined the odds ratios of T1D diagnosis and DKA on a weekday, public holiday, and school vacation. RESULTS: Compared with workdays, the odds ratios of being diagnosed with T1D were lower on weekends (0.39 [95% CI, 0.38-0.41]), public holidays (0.57 [0.53-0.63]), and school vacations (0.83 [0.80-0.85]). The odds of DKA diagnosis were also reduced on weekends (0.55 [0.52-0.59]), public holidays (0.73 [0.63-0.84]), and school vacations (0.85 [0.80-0.90]). Results did not change during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset T1D and DKA in children are more often diagnosed during weekdays than weekends and holidays.